This study examined the relationship between subsistence food production and household food security among rural dwellers in the Central Senatorial District of Cross River State, Nigeria. One research question and one null hypothesis guided the study. Relevant literature was reviewed, and the study was anchored on the Participatory Development Model. A cross-sectional survey research design integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted. A sample of 600 respondents was selected using multi-stage, simple random, proportionate, and systematic sampling techniques. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data were analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between subsistence food production and household food security. The calculated correlation coefficients (r = 0.878, 0.614, 0.925, and 0.860) were all greater than the critical r-value of 0.195 at the 0.05 level of significance. The study concluded that subsistence food production significantly enhances household food security among rural dwellers. It recommended increased government support through improved access to agricultural inputs, extension services, credit facilities, storage infrastructure, and capacity-building programmes to strengthen household food security and reduce rural poverty.