This study provides a thorough structural and policy-oriented analysis of the macroeconomic factors that contribute to poverty in Nigeria using an integrated theoretical framework that incorporates structuralist, Keynesian, neoclassical, and institutional viewpoints. It also examines how important macroeconomic variables government spending, interest rates, and exchange rates interact to affect poverty dynamics by synthesizing recent empirical literature using a systematic and thematic review approach. The analysis shows that there is a complicated, non-linear, and highly context-specific relationship between macroeconomic conditions and poverty. This relationship reflects the interaction between underlying structural and institutional conditions and policy instruments. Theoretically, government spending should lower poverty through investments in infrastructure, social services, and the development of human capital, but in Nigeria, inefficiencies, corruption, and shoddy policy implementation frameworks often hinder its efficacy. On the other hand, it is discovered that high interest rates restrict credit availability, discourage private sector investment, and limit the creation of jobs, all of which exacerbate poverty. In a similar vein, continuous currency depreciation and exchange rate volatility worsen poverty by raising import costs, creating inflationary pressures, and reducing real earnings, especially for vulnerable households. Beyond these direct consequences, the study emphasizes the crucial moderating influence of institutional flaws like ineffective governance, inefficient regulations, and inadequate accountability mechanisms, as well as structural rigidities like unemployment, inequality, and restricted industrial capacity. The transfer of macroeconomic policies into inclusive and long-lasting welfare benefits is severely hampered by these issues. The results highlight the contradiction of Nigeria's economic progress without corresponding poverty reduction, stressing that growth on its own is insufficient without fair distribution and strong institutional frameworks. As a result, poverty is understood as a multifaceted, system-driven phenomenon that is influenced by the dynamic interplay of institutional quality, structural limitations, and macroeconomic variables. The study concludes that a coordinated and integrated policy strategy that concurrently addresses macroeconomic stability, structural reform, and institutional development is necessary to achieve sustainable poverty reduction in Nigeria. Additionally, it points out important gaps in the research, most notably the scant use of interaction-based and context-sensitive empirical models that can adequately represent the intricate and dynamic character of poverty dynamics in emerging nations. These discoveries offer a solid basis for next empirical studies and the creation of policies meant to advance sustainable and inclusive development.